A ^33bn high-speed rail network has been given the go-ahead by the government, despite strong opposition.Phase one of
HS2▸ , between London and Birmingham, should be running by 2026, later extending to northern England.
Transport Secretary Justine Greening has announced extra tunnelling along the 140-mile (225km) first phase in response to environmental concerns.
She said it would create "jobs, growth and prosperity", but critics dispute projected benefits of up to ^47bn.
Ms Greening called the line "the most significant transport infrastructure project since the building of the motorways".
The London to Birmingham link would be followed by a second phase of Y-shaped track reaching Manchester and Leeds by about 2033, she said.
A consultation on the second phase will begin in early 2014, with a final route chosen by the end of that year.
Travelling at speeds of up to 250mph, passengers will be able to commute from Birmingham to London in 45 minutes, reducing the journey time by almost half from one hour and 24 minutes.
A Birmingham to Leeds journey will be reduced from two hours to 57 minutes and a Manchester to London journey from two hours and eight minutes to one hour and eight minutes.
Connections to existing lines should then cut journey times between London, and Edinburgh and Glasgow, to three-and-a-half hours.
Richard Black
Environment correspondent, BBC News
Big infrastructure projects often carry potential for both environmental benefit and harm; and HS2 is no exception.
Wildlife groups have warned it could damage around 160 important wildlife sites, and the latest modifications to the route have done little to alter that picture.
Stephen Trotter, head of Warwickshire Wildlife Trust, told BBC News he was "very disappointed"; the much vaunted extra tunnels will do little, he said, and there's still "serious concern" about destruction to woodlands and other important habitats.
All this might be bearable for environmental groups if HS2 guaranteed a big win on carbon emissions; but it doesn't.
The government's own projections show it's not certain to reduce either flying or road use.
In any case, the trains will only be a green transport option if the electricity they use comes from low-carbon sources - which hangs on continuing government support for renewables and nuclear.
Anti-HS2 campaigners argue that improving existing lines could bring more certain environmental benefits much cheaper and much sooner.
The first phase of HS2 will include a connection to Europe via the Channel Tunnel. On completion of HS2 the network will include a direct link to Heathrow.
"By following in the footsteps of the 19th Century railway pioneers, the government is signalling its commitment to providing 21st Century infrastructure and connections - laying the groundwork for long-term, sustainable economic growth," said Ms Greening.
The government estimates that the project could eventually result in 9 million road journeys and 4.5 million journeys by plane instead being taken by train every year.
"HS2 is therefore an important part of transport's low-carbon future," Ms Greening said.
There had been almost 55,000 responses to the consultation process on the project, which clearly "generates strong feelings, both in favour and against the scheme", the minister said.
She pledged a commitment to "developing a network with the lowest feasible impacts on local communities and the natural environment".
"I have been mindful that we must safeguard the natural environment as far as possible, both for the benefit of those enjoying our beautiful countryside today and for future generations."
Revisions to the route had halved the number of homes at risk, as well as reducing by a third the number due to experience increased noise, she said.
The route's key sticking points
Changes to the plans, Ms Greening said, also meant that "more than half the route will now be mitigated by tunnel or cutting", including:
- A longer tunnel through the Chiltern Hills from Little Missenden, Buckinghamshire, to the M25
- A new 2.75-mile (4km) tunnel to avoid impacts on communities in Ruislip, north-west London
- A longer covered cutting, known as a green tunnel, past Chipping Warden and Aston le Walls in Northamptonshire
- A curve in the route to avoid heritage sites around Edgcote, Northants
- Longer green tunnels at Wendover and South Heath, Bucks
- The Department for Transport said that 22.5 miles of the first phase would now be enclosed in tunnels or green tunnels - up from 14.5 miles for the route that went to consultation - and a further 56.5 miles of cuttings would significantly reduce "visual and noise impact".
'Wealthy few'Justine Greening says HS2 "will support jobs, growth and prosperity for Britain in the future"
Protest groups formed to oppose the scheme say the planned route crosses an area of outstanding natural beauty and it will damage the environment.
Adam Thomas, whose home in the Chiltern hills will make way for the rail route, said: "We're going to lose our home which we've spent so long building for ourselves. But I feel more sorry in a way for the country because it's such a colossal waste of money and it is genuinely is not needed."
Opponents have also challenged the government's economic argument, suggesting the costs will be greater while the economic benefits will be lower than forecast, and that the business case for HS2 is based on an overly-optimistic prediction of growth in demand for long-distance train travel.
"The government insists the HS2 project will bring between ^41.4bn to ^46.9bn of economic benefits over a period of six decades, ranging from income from ticket sales to reduced congestion on the roads and the creation of hundreds of jobs^
"There is no business case, no environmental case and there is no money to pay for it," said Stop HS2 campaign co-ordinator Joe Rukin.
"It's a white elephant of monumental proportions and you could deliver more benefits to more people more quickly for less money by investing in the current rail infrastructure."
Craig Bennett, director of policy and campaigns at Friends of the Earth, said: "We need to revolutionise travel away from roads and planes, but pumping ^32bn into high-speed travel for the wealthy few while ordinary commuters suffer is not the answer.
"High-speed rail has a role to play in developing a greener, faster transport system, but current plans won't do enough to cut emissions overall - ministers should prioritise spending on improving local train and bus services instead."
However, the plan would be welcomed by "businesses up and down the country", said John Longworth, director general of the British Chambers of Commerce.
"Britain cannot continue to 'make do and mend' when it comes to its substandard infrastructure. Fundamentally, our global competitiveness is at stake," he said.
Stephen Joseph, chief executive of Campaign for Better Transport, said: "We're pleased to see the government investing in rail, rather than roads and aviation, and acting on some of the local environmental concerns surrounding HS2."
But he went on: "The process for deciding on the London-Birmingham part of HS2 has been too narrow and people feel left out.
"In consulting on the lines north of Birmingham, the government needs to involve people earlier with greater discussion of alternative options, including ways rail investment can support low-carbon growth in the communities served, and also how any new lines will integrate with existing networks and improve local as well as long-distance transport."
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