It's often struck me that if journey requirements levelled out during the day - if we "didn't all work 9 to 5" - we would have a much more efficient public transport system, and a road network that wasn't congested. That, however, would be social engineering / change on a grand scale and it's not really incumbent on the railways to be pressing that tactic unless it were to be a nation wide strategy. To a limited extent, the railways do a little in this direction with their offering and sales of off-peak tickets - though that system has become to embroiled in history and politics that the load-balancing effect has been bluntened or even (at times) reversed. Here's a super-off-peak view I snapped the other day:
However, I think there may be
some social change happening - with more people on flexitime (for example a trainee this week who would have been 9 to 5 in the past is now 9:30 to 4 [core] with the other 90 minutes at his choice being worked at either end of the day and perhaps even spread onto different days. So perhaps the "shape" of peak loading - time along the bottom, passenger numbers up the side - is moving from the red to the purple curve on this graph:
And the new / extra shoulder-peak trains, run using stock that also does a peak run just before / after is an excellent progression - very much to be applauded. The example quotes in this thread is such a train, the extra train I caught the other week from Paddington to Twyford is another.
Interestingly, levelling off of the peak has also helped us on the TransWilts. The
SRA» / Atkins work of about 2004 predicted passenger numbers on a two-hourly service during the day (inter-peak) being no more than a couple of dozen journeys if such a service ran, even if the peak trains were busy - and that prediction became the base of the decision to run a "peak only" service. But looking at today's service - which is roughly every 2 hours between the peaks - each train carries about the number of passengers predicted for the entire middle of day service just over ten years ago.