So how do trains, in general, reverse? I remember once being on one which failed to slow down sufficiently coming into a station and overshot the platform. It reversed maybe a hundred yards until it reached the platform. So I know they can, in as far as they do have a reverse gear ^ this was some sort of small DMU▸ ^ but under what circumstances are they allowed to? As far as the previous signal? "Only as necessary"? Do they have to get some sort of permission from signalman? The guard walking behind with a red flag?!!!
I was once on a Turbo which reversed - it was the evening Oxfordshire Halts service, back in the days when Combe and Finstock were request stops, and the driver hadn't realised that there was a passenger wanting to get off at Combe. Quick sprint down the train and he set off backwards. Whether it was authorised or not, who knows...
Generally, trains can reverse as quickly as they can go forward. The transmission just changes direction and away you go. In practice 'propelling', as it's known, is getting less and less common and now only regularly happens with freight trains being formed in yards or occasionally, at locations such as at Didcot, where they will go out onto the main line in order to propel back into another siding.
Happy to be corrected, but the last time regular propelling was allowed on
FGW▸ was at Stratford-Upon-Avon where a local instruction meant the driver used to reverse from Platform 1 back to the crossover for Platforms 2/3. The
TM‡ was always observing from the rear end and that practice was halted a good ten years ago now, not long before FGW stopped serving Straford. So, technically there's nothing stopping a
HST▸ from reversing at 125mph, but the rules (quite sensibly) forbid it.
In the case of station overruns then, with permission of the signaller, trains can go back to the platform as long as they haven't gone more than 400 metres past the platform. Things that might stop permission being given for such a wrong direction movement are features such as level crossings or signals which mean the move cannot be done safely. That being said, there is an exception for Combe and Finstock where permission need not be obtained if driving a Turbo and part of the train is platformed. This is due to the short length of the platform. But,
in all cases, the driver must change ends rather than just select reverse!