The pathing in this case seems to allow a SWR» Bristol -Salisbury train to pass Trowbridge before the Melksham service gets to the mainline. I does not appear on some of the other services.
I agree with you and that 08:49 is a slower service.
But all is not what it seems. There are other services at times of engineering changes that also have what appears to be padding marked "pth" in them - up to 13 minutes in some cases and services that skip Melksham. However, I'm told that there isn't enough time within those specific schedules to make the stop. So it looks like I don't fully understand "pth" (or it's a convenient excuse to give ...).
The information you need should be in the national section of the Timetable Planning Rules. And some of it is - though it's not really a technical manual of how to do timetabling, which is what you want.
It does list the timing elements and adjustment, including pathing/engineering/performance allowances inter (many) alia, but only says anything more about engineering recovery allowances.
Anyway, happy reading!
Hmmm ... weekend reading, I fear. Thank you.